一般電池行業的人都知道，鋰電池的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)是否穩定，溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化起(qi)到了很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)因素，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在高溫(wen)和低(di)溫(wen)環境(jing)下(xia)充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量保(bao)(bao)持率(lv)就有(you)所(suo)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，在所(suo)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)因素中，溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)對鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)最大，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學反(fan)應與(yu)環境(jing)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)有(you)關，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)/電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)被視為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)臟(zang)。如(ru)果(guo)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反(fan)應率(lv)也下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，假設(she)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保(bao)(bao)持不(bu)變，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)輸出(chu)也會下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)。如(ru)果(guo)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)上升則(ze)相(xiang)反(fan)，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)輸出(chu)功率(lv)會上升，溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)也影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)液(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳送(song)速度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)上升則(ze)加快，傳送(song)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)，傳送(song)減(jian)慢(man)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)也會受到影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。但(dan)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)太高，超過(guo)45℃鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)越來越廣(guang)泛(fan)地(di)應用到人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)活當中，這使(shi)得它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)環境(jing)成為關注(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要點，相(xiang)對來說，鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)更容(rong)易在高溫(wen)環境(jing)下(xia)產生(sheng)(sheng)安全(quan)問題，因此，必(bi)須對鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)進行高溫(wen)性能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)測試，并與(yu)其(qi)常溫(wen)測試數(shu)據相(xiang)比較(jiao)。

溫度的變化直接影響了鋰電池的放電性能和放電出來的容量大小。溫度降低，電池內阻加大，電化學反應速度放慢，極化內阻迅速增加，電池放電容量和放電平臺下降，影響電池功率和能量的輸出。對于鋰離子電池，低(di)溫(wen)(wen)條件下放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量急劇下降，但在(zai)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)情(qing)況下放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)量并不(bu)比常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)低(di)，有時還會略高(gao)于常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)容(rong)(rong)量，主要是高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)情(qing)況下鋰離子(zi)遷移(yi)速(su)度(du)加快，鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)極不(bu)像鎳電(dian)(dian)(dian)極和和貯氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極那(nei)樣在(zai)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)情(qing)況下產(chan)生(sheng)分解或(huo)形成氫(qing)氣使容(rong)(rong)量下降。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池模塊(kuai)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，隨(sui)(sui)著放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的進(jin)行，由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻等原因產(chan)生(sheng)熱量，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)(wen)度(du)升高(gao)，表現為電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓有抬升現象，隨(sui)(sui)著放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的進(jin)行，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓再逐(zhu)漸下降。

目前鋰電(dian)池行業(ye)還沒有(you)明確的(de)理論支(zhi)撐其各溫度(du)性能下的(de)內阻、放(fang)電(dian)平臺、壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)、容量(liang)等必然(ran)聯系，相關的(de)計算公式和數(shu)學模型還在摸(mo)索(suo)階段。在實際(ji)的(de)實驗(yan)證(zheng)明下，鋰電(dian)池對0-40℃這個(ge)區間的(de)溫度(du)并(bing)不(bu)敏感，如果在充放(fang)電(dian)時(shi)溫度(du)變(bian)化低(di)(di)于(yu)0℃或者高于(yu)40℃，鋰電(dian)池的(de)循(xun)環壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)和容量(liang)就(jiu)會低(di)(di)于(yu)正常數(shu)值，溫度(du)超出(chu)的(de)范圍(wei)越大，容量(liang)與(yu)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)就(jiu)較少的(de)越多。打(da)個(ge)比方：一到了冬(dong)天特別是北方較寒冷(leng)的(de)地區，手機電(dian)池電(dian)量(liang)使用的(de)時(shi)間要比夏天短很多，這就(jiu)是與(yu)溫度(du)變(bian)化有(you)關，并(bing)不(bu)是手機電(dian)池不(bu)耐用的(de)原因。

不同材料鋰電池的低溫性能也有區別，舉個例子磷酸鐵鋰是低溫性能最差的，我們恒帝電池研發的磷酸鐵鋰電池在-10℃時(shi)放出(chu)容量(liang)為最(zui)大(da)容量(liang)的(de)(de)89%，應該在業內(nei)已經是(shi)(shi)比較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)；在55℃下放出(chu)容量(liang)可達到95%，相對低溫(wen)的(de)(de)衰減還是(shi)(shi)比較(jiao)少(shao)的(de)(de)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)錳酸鋰、鈷酸鋰和(he)三(san)(san)元產品的(de)(de)低溫(wen)性(xing)能要(yao)好(hao)一(yi)些，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)也(ye)有限；而犧牲的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)性(xing)能。現在業內(nei)吹磷酸鐵鋰安全性(xing)能高(gao)(gao)，高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)性(xing)能好(hao)，其實(shi)是(shi)(shi)電池活性(xing)沒有上(shang)述三(san)(san)種高(gao)(gao)，相對安全一(yi)些。整體性(xing)能還是(shi)(shi)不如錳鋰或三(san)(san)元的(de)(de)。一(yi)到了冬天特別是(shi)(shi)北方較(jiao)寒冷的(de)(de)地區，手機電池電量(liang)使用的(de)(de)時(shi)間要(yao)比夏(xia)天短很多。

鋰(li)離子(zi)電池越(yue)來越(yue)廣(guang)泛地應(ying)用到人們(men)的生產生活當中，這使(shi)得它(ta)的溫(wen)(wen)度環(huan)境(jing)成為關(guan)注的要點，相對來說，鋰(li)電池更容易在高溫(wen)(wen)環(huan)境(jing)下產生安全問(wen)題，因此(ci)，必須對鋰(li)電池進(jin)行高溫(wen)(wen)性能的測試，并與其(qi)常溫(wen)(wen)測試數(shu)據相比較。

測試條(tiao)件：選擇(ze)兩只恒帝電池(chi)生產的(de)聚合物鋰電池(chi)603048-950mAh方(fang)形鋰電池(chi)，分(fen)別在25℃(常溫)和60℃(高溫)下進行。

充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)制度設計：適用恒(heng)流(liu)恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)和恒(heng)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)制度。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為4.2V，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為3.0V。首先以(yi)1C即950mA充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至4.2V，再以(yi)4.2V恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)直至截止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)到20mA;然后以(yi)950mA恒(heng)流(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)至3.0V，如此循環(huan)充(chong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)300次。

這里截取三個節點：即第50次、150次、300次充放電循環。

一、在前50次循環過程中：
1、25℃下的表現：容量衰減過程略有起伏，但并非線性，50次后的放電容量保持在96.6%；
2、60℃下的表(biao)現(xian)：容量衰減過程接近于(yu)線(xian)性，50次后的放電容量保持在95.5%。

這(zhe)說明(ming)，在(zai)50次以內(nei)較少的循(xun)環(huan)時(shi)，高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)循(xun)環(huan)穩定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)略差于(yu)(yu)常溫(wen)循(xun)環(huan)穩定(ding)(ding)性(xing)(xing)。但(dan)這(zhe)里有一個很重要的現象，即鋰(li)電池在(zai)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)條(tiao)件下放出的電量(liang)(liang)高(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)電池的額定(ding)(ding)容量(liang)(liang)，這(zhe)里的原(yuan)因在(zai)于(yu)(yu)，高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)時(shi)電解質(zhi)的黏度降低，從(cong)而加快了鋰(li)離子的遷移速度，這(zhe)時(shi)，不但(dan)放電容量(liang)(liang)高(gao)(gao)于(yu)(yu)額定(ding)(ding)容量(liang)(liang)，而且(qie)充(chong)入(ru)的電量(liang)(liang)更高(gao)(gao)。

二、在前150次循環過程中：
1、60℃下放出的容量每次都大于25℃時放出的容量;
2、60℃下初始容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)為1020mAh，高于額(e)定(ding)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)，25℃下初始容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)為930mAh ，但60℃時容(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)衰減較(jiao)快。

三、300次循環后的狀態：這(zhe)時，常溫狀態下的(de)指(zhi)標全面優化，在(zai)保(bao)持(chi)較慢(man)的(de)容(rong)(rong)量衰減速度時，其容(rong)(rong)量可以保(bao)持(chi)在(zai)800mAh，而60℃時只有730 mAh。此時，60℃下的(de)充放(fang)電(dian)電(dian)壓平臺越來越低，而常溫下幾乎不變。

上述容(rong)量(liang)衰減的(de)表現還可以從鋰(li)電池充(chong)電在(zai)不同溫度下的(de)電量(liang)補充(chong)情況進行佐證：在(zai)25℃下經過(guo)300次循環(huan)后，其恒(heng)流充(chong)電和恒(heng)壓(ya)充(chong)電的(de)比例變化不大，但在(zai)60℃時(shi)，恒(heng)流充(chong)電所獲得的(de)電量(liang)補充(chong)逐漸減少，而恒(heng)壓(ya)階段(duan)獲得的(de)電量(liang)顯著(zhu)增加(jia)。這是由(you)于電池極化現象引起的(de)。